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| text = A good CEO is not a micromanager but a 'Chief Excitement Officer' or 'Engagement Officer' |
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| author = {{Thomas Buberl/attribution }} |
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| image = thomas-buberl.jpg |
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== AXA fundamentals == |
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<div class="main-page-menu"> |
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{{Row header|people ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ leading figures ▸|{{read|[[Claude Bébéar]]}} {{read|[[Henri de Castrie]]}} {{read|[[Thomas Buberl]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ board of directors ▸|{{read|[[Antoine Gosset-Grainville]]}} {{read|[[Guillaume Faury]]}} {{read|[[Angelien Kemna]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ management committee ▸|{{read|[[George Stansfield]]}} {{read|[[Guillaume Borie]]}} {{read|[[Patrick Cohen]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ partners group ▸|{{read|[[Etienne Bouas Laurent]]}} {{read|[[Renaud Guidée]]}} {{read|[[Tara Foley]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} |
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{{Row header|regions ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ Europe ▸|{{read|[[France]]}} {{read|[[Germany]]}} {{read|[[Switzerland]]}} {{read|[[Luxembourg]]}} {{read|[[Italy]]}} {{read|[[Spain]]}} {{read|[[UK]]}} {{read|[[Ireland]]}} {{read|[[Turkey]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ AXA XL ▸|{{read|[[XL Bermuda]]}} {{read|[[XL Reinsurance]]}} {{read|[[XL America]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Asia ▸|{{read|[[Japan]]}} {{read|[[Hong Kong]]}} {{read|[[China]]}} {{read|[[Indonesia]]}} {{read|[[Thailand]]}} {{read|[[Philippines]]}} {{read|[[South Korea]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Latin America ▸|{{read|[[Brazil]]}} {{read|[[Colombia]]}} {{read|[[Mexico]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ transversals ▸|{{read|[[AXA Partners]]}} {{read|[[AXA GO]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|results ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ press release ▸|{{read|[[2025]]}} {{read|[[2024]]}} {{read|[[2023]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ analyst presentation ▸|{{read|[[2025]]}} {{read|[[2024]]}} {{read|[[2023]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ financial supplement ▸|{{read|[[2025]]}} {{read|[[2024]]}} {{read|[[2023]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ activity report ▸|{{read|[[2025]]}} {{read|[[2024]]}} {{read|[[2023]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ annual report ▸|{{read|[[2025]]}} {{read|[[2024]]}} {{read|[[2023]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ SFCR ▸|{{read|[[2025]]}} {{read|[[2024]]}} {{read|[[2023]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} |
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</div> |
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{{Row header|documents ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ group standards ▸|{{read|[[Communication, Brand, Reputation standard]]}} {{read|[[Sustainability standard]]}} {{read|[[Price Sensitive or Inside Information standard]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ group S2 policies ▸|{{read|[[Group Internal Audit policy]]}} {{read|[[Group Compliance policy]]}} {{read|[[Group P&C Underwriting Pricing and Clams policy]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ others ▸|{{read|[[Group AI policy]]}} {{read|[[Group Sanctions Policy]]}} {{read|[[Group Anti-Money Laundering Policy]]}} {{read|[[see all ▸]]|type=gray}} }} |
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{{section separator}} |
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== Insurance fundamentals == |
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<div class="main-page-menu"> |
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{{Row header|fundamentals ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ risk basics ▸|{{read|[[Frequency vs severity]]}} {{read|[[Hazard, exposure, peril]]}} {{read|[[Correlation & aggregation]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ how insurance works ▸|{{read|[[Pooling & risk transfer]]}} {{read|[[Indemnity vs benefits]]}} {{read|[[Premium now, claims later]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ incentives & frictions ▸|{{read|[[Adverse selection]]}} {{read|[[Moral hazard]]}} {{read|[[Information asymmetry]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ industry structure ▸|{{read|[[Insurers, mutuals, captives]]}} {{read|[[Brokers, MGAs, TPAs]]}} {{read|[[Reinsurers & retro]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ policy essentials ▸|{{read|[[Insurable interest, good faith]]}} {{read|[[Coverage, exclusions]]}} {{read|[[Limits & deductibles]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ core metrics ▸|{{read|[[Loss, expense, combined]]}} {{read|[[Persistency & lapse]]}} {{read|[[Acquisition economics]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ time value ▸|{{read|[[Discounting]]}} {{read|[[Trend & social inflation]]}} {{read|[[Duration risk]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Cat & systemic ▸|{{read|[[Nat Cat accumulation]]}} {{read|[[Pandemic risk]]}} {{read|[[Cyber contagion]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ role & trust ▸|{{read|[[Protection & resilience]]}} {{read|[[Fairness & inclusion]]}} {{read|[[Conduct & transparency]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|products ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ life ▸|{{read|[[Term, whole, UL]]}} {{read|[[Mortality & lapse]]}} {{read|[[Riders]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ health ▸|{{read|[[Medical vs income protection]]}} {{read|[[Group vs individual]]}} {{read|[[Utilization levers]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ annuities ▸|{{read|[[Immediate vs deferred]]}} {{read|[[Guarantees]]}} {{read|[[Longevity risk]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ group benefits ▸|{{read|[[Plan design]]}} {{read|[[Experience rating]]}} {{read|[[Renewals]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ personal lines ▸|{{read|[[Motor & home]]}} {{read|[[Rating factors]]}} {{read|[[Claims inflation]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ commercial lines ▸|{{read|[[Property & liability]]}} {{read|[[Limits & towers]]}} {{read|[[Risk engineering]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ specialty ▸|{{read|[[Marine, aviation, energy]]}} {{read|[[Financial lines]]}} {{read|[[Parametric]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Underwriting gov ▸|{{read|[[Appetite & authority]]}} {{read|[[Quote to bind]]}} {{read|[[Portfolio steering]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ lifecycle ▸|{{read|[[Design & pricing]]}} {{read|[[Wording & filings]]}} {{read|[[Monitoring & remediation]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ policy admin ▸|{{read|[[Issuance & endorsements]]}} {{read|[[Billing]]}} {{read|[[Retention]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|distribution ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ channels ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Agent/broker/bank]]}} {{read|[[Direct & digital]]}} {{read|[[Embedded & partners]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ sales & advice ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Needs & suitability]]}} {{read|[[Tools & disclosures]]}} {{read|[[Conversion levers]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ intermediary econ ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Commissions & clawbacks]]}} {{read|[[Conflicts control]]}} {{read|[[Delegated authority]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|operations ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ onboarding ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[KYC/AML basics]]}} {{read|[[Fraud screening]]}} {{read|[[Consent & privacy]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Underwriting ops ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[STP vs manual]]}} {{read|[[Evidence mgmt]]}} {{read|[[QA & audits]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ claims ops ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[FNOL & triage]]}} {{read|[[Settlement & leakage]]}} {{read|[[Litigation & recovery]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ fraud mgmt ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Detection & SIU]]}} {{read|[[Provider fraud]]}} {{read|[[Recoveries]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ service model ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Shared services]]}} {{read|[[Outsourcing risk]]}} {{read|[[SLAs & outcomes]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ tech & data ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[PAS, claims, billing]]}} {{read|[[CRM & omni-channel]]}} {{read|[[Platforms & APIs]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ productivity ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Cost-to-serve]]}} {{read|[[Automation]]}} {{read|[[Ops KPIs]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|finance & actuarial ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ pricing ▸|{{read|[[Expected loss & margin]]}} {{read|[[Credibility]]}} {{read|[[Price adequacy]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ reserving ▸|{{read|[[Case vs IBNR]]}} {{read|[[Triangles & diagnostics]]}} {{read|[[Reserve risk]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ life liabilities ▸|{{read|[[Assumptions & margins]]}} {{read|[[Options & behavior]]}} {{read|[[New business strain]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ reinsurance ▸|{{read|[[Proportional vs non-prop]]}} {{read|[[Retentions & limits]]}} {{read|[[Credit & collateral]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ ALM ▸|{{read|[[Portfolio basics]]}} {{read|[[Duration & liquidity]]}} {{read|[[Credit risk]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ performance ▸|{{read|[[Underwriting result]]}} {{read|[[Operating vs net income]]}} {{read|[[Key ratios]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ accounting ▸|{{read|[[IFRS 17]]}} {{read|[[IFRS 9]]}} {{read|[[Statutory bases]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ solvency ▸|{{read|[[Available vs required]]}} {{read|[[Economic capital]]}} {{read|[[Stress tests]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ steering ▸|{{read|[[Growth vs value]]}} {{read|[[Re-pricing actions]]}} {{read|[[Scenario planning]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ model gov ▸|{{read|[[Assumption control]]}} {{read|[[Validation]]}} {{read|[[Data governance]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|regulation & gov ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ purpose ▸|{{read|[[Protection]]}} {{read|[[Stability]]}} {{read|[[Integrity]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ prudential ▸|{{read|[[Solvency II & RBC]]}} {{read|[[ORSA]]}} {{read|[[Supervisory reporting]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ conduct ▸|{{read|[[Product governance]]}} {{read|[[Claims standards]]}} {{read|[[Fair value]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ supervision ▸|{{read|[[Entity structures]]}} {{read|[[Intra-group flows]]}} {{read|[[Recovery & resolution]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ gov model ▸|{{read|[[Board oversight]]}} {{read|[[Three lines]]}} {{read|[[Internal audit]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ compliance ▸|{{read|[[AML/CTF]]}} {{read|[[Sanctions]]}} {{read|[[Third-party risk]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ tax ▸|{{read|[[Premium taxes]]}} {{read|[[Deferred tax]]}} {{read|[[Cross-border issues]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ ESG ▸|{{read|[[Underwriting & investment]]}} {{read|[[Disclosures]]}} {{read|[[Transition risk]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ resilience ▸|{{read|[[Cyber security]]}} {{read|[[Operational resilience]]}} {{read|[[Data privacy]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ emerging ▸|{{read|[[Cyber & systemic]]}} {{read|[[Insurtech & embedded]]}} {{read|[[Alternative capital]]}} }} |
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</div> |
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{{section separator}} |
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== Competitors & targets == |
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<div class="main-page-menu"> |
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{{Row header|europe ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ France ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Crédit Agricole Assurances]]}} {{read|[[CNP Assurances]]}} {{read|[[Groupama]]}} {{read|[[Crédit Mutuel Alliance Fédérale (GACM)]]}} {{read|[[BNP Paribas Cardif]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Germany ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Allianz]]}} {{read|[[Munich Re (ERGO Group)]]}} {{read|[[Talanx (HDI)]]}} {{read|[[R+V Versicherung]]}} {{read|[[Generali Deutschland]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Switzerland ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Schweizerische Mobiliar]]}} {{read|[[Zürich Versicherung (Zurich)]]}} {{read|[[Allianz Suisse]]}} {{read|[[Helvetia]]}} {{read|[[Bâloise (Basler)]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Luxembourg ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Foyer Assurances]]}} {{read|[[LALUX (La Luxembourgeoise)]]}} {{read|[[Bâloise Assurances Luxembourg]]}} {{read|[[Allianz]]}} {{read|[[AIG]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Italy ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Generali]]}} {{read|[[Intesa Sanpaolo Vita]]}} {{read|[[Poste Vita]]}} {{read|[[Allianz]]}} {{read|[[Unipol]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Spain ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[MAPFRE]]}} {{read|[[VidaCaixa (CaixaBank Group)]]}} {{read|[[Mutua Madrileña]]}} {{read|[[Allianz Seguros]]}} {{read|[[Grupo Catalana Occidente (GCO)]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ UK ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Aviva]]}} {{read|[[Legal & General]]}} {{read|[[Prudential]]}} {{read|[[Zurich Insurance UK]]}} {{read|[[Allianz Insurance]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Ireland ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Irish Life Group]]}} {{read|[[Zurich Insurance plc (Ireland)]]}} {{read|[[Aviva Life & Pensions Ireland]]}} {{read|[[New Ireland Assurance]]}} {{read|[[Royal London Ireland]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Turkey ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Türkiye Sigorta]]}} {{read|[[Allianz Sigorta]]}} {{read|[[Anadolu Sigorta]]}} {{read|[[Sompo Sigorta]]}} {{read|[[Aksigorta]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|reinsurance & bermuda ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ Bermuda market ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[AXA XL]]}} {{read|[[XL Bermuda]]}} {{read|[[Everest Re]]}} {{read|[[RenaissanceRe]]}} {{read|[[Arch Capital (Arch Re)]]}} {{read|[[PartnerRe]]}} {{read|[[Aspen]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Global Re ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[XL Reinsurance]]}} {{read|[[Munich Re]]}} {{read|[[Swiss Re]]}} {{read|[[Hannover Re]]}} {{read|[[Berkshire Hathaway (reinsurance)]]}} {{read|[[SCOR]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|north america ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ United States ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[XL America]]}} {{read|[[Travelers]]}} {{read|[[Chubb]]}} {{read|[[Liberty Mutual]]}} {{read|[[Berkshire Hathaway]]}} {{read|[[Zurich]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|asia ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ Japan ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Nippon Life]]}} {{read|[[Dai-ichi Life]]}} {{read|[[Tokio Marine]]}} {{read|[[Sompo]]}} {{read|[[MS&AD (Mitsui Sumitomo)]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Hong Kong ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[HSBC Life (International)]]}} {{read|[[AIA International]]}} {{read|[[Prudential (HK) Life]]}} {{read|[[BOC Life]]}} {{read|[[Manulife (International)]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ China ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[China Life]]}} {{read|[[Ping An]]}} {{read|[[PICC (People’s Insurance Company of China)]]}} {{read|[[CPIC (China Pacific Insurance)]]}} {{read|[[New China Life]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Indonesia ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Prudential Indonesia]]}} {{read|[[AIA Financial]]}} {{read|[[Manulife Indonesia]]}} {{read|[[Allianz Life Indonesia]]}} {{read|[[Sun Life Indonesia]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Thailand ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[AIA Thailand]]}} {{read|[[FWD Life Thailand]]}} {{read|[[Thai Life Insurance]]}} {{read|[[Muang Thai Life Assurance]]}} {{read|[[Allianz Ayudhya]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Philippines ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Sun Life]]}} {{read|[[Pru Life U.K.]]}} {{read|[[Manulife]]}} {{read|[[AIA Philippines]]}} {{read|[[FWD]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ South Korea ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Samsung Fire & Marine]]}} {{read|[[Hyundai Marine & Fire]]}} {{read|[[DB Insurance]]}} {{read|[[Meritz Fire & Marine]]}} {{read|[[KB Insurance]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|latin america ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ Brazil ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[BrasilSeg]]}} {{read|[[Bradesco Seguros]]}} {{read|[[SulAmérica]]}} {{read|[[Porto Seguro]]}} {{read|[[Caixa Seguridade]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Colombia ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[Grupo Sura]]}} {{read|[[Seguros Alfa]]}} {{read|[[Seguros Bolívar]]}} {{read|[[Allianz]]}} {{read|[[MAPFRE]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Mexico ▸|{{read|[[market ranking]]}} {{read|[[GNP Seguros]]}} {{read|[[MetLife México]]}} {{read|[[BBVA Seguros]]}} {{read|[[Banorte Seguros]]}} {{read|[[Quálitas]]}} {{read|[[see more]]}} }} |
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{{section separator}} |
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== Case studies == |
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{{Row header|capital ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ M&A ▸|{{read|[[Generali–Cattolica (2022)]]}} {{read|[[Allianz–Aviva Poland (2021)]]}} {{read|[[Chubb–Cigna A&H APAC (2022)]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ carve-outs ▸|{{read|[[AIG → Corebridge IPO (2022)]]}} {{read|[[Prudential → Jackson demerger (2021)]]}} {{read|[[Allianz sells UniCredit Allianz Vita stake (2025)]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ buybacks ▸|{{read|[[Allianz €1.5bn buybacks (2024)]]}} {{read|[[Zurich CHF 1.1bn buyback (2024)]]}} {{read|[[Travelers $5.04bn repurchase capacity (end-2024)]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|risk ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ cyber ▸|{{read|[[Zurich–Mondelez NotPetya settlement (2022)]]}} {{read|[[Merck vs Ace (war exclusion rejected, 2023)]]}} {{read|[[Lloyd’s “state-backed” cyber exclusions (from 2023)]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ Cat & ILS ▸|{{read|[[Allianz €250m windstorm cat bond (2023)]]}} {{read|[[Munich Re retro + sidecars ($1.55bn, 2025)]]}} {{read|[[Hannover Re cloud-outage cat bond (2024)]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ BI disputes ▸|{{read|[[FCA BI test case (UKSC, 2021)]]}} {{read|[[ExCel Centre appeal win (UK CA, 2024)]]}} {{read|[[UK CA on furlough set-offs (2025)]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|tech ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ claims AI ▸|{{read|[[Allianz “Insurance Copilot” (auto claims, 2024)]]}} {{read|[[Zurich AI claims escalation prediction (2024)]]}} {{read|[[Chubb + Cytora claims doc automation (2024)]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ GenAI assistants ▸|{{read|[[AllianzGPT (internal, 2025)]]}} {{read|[[Generali KAssis (claims knowledge, 2025)]]}} {{read|[[Generali “Chatty” (customer chatbot, 2023–24)]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ telematics ▸|{{read|[[Progressive Snapshot (UBI, 2011)]]}} {{read|[[Generali–Telepass “Next” (2022)]]}} {{read|[[Allianz–Ticker pay-per-mile (2025)]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|distribution ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ bancassurance ▸|{{read|[[Allianz–UniCredit framework (2022)]]}} {{read|[[Zurich–Santander LatAm JV + 25-year tie-up (2011)]]}} {{read|[[BNP Paribas ↔ Ageas / AG Insurance reshuffle (2025)]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ embedded platforms ▸|{{read|[[Chubb Studio AI embedded engine (2025)]]}} {{read|[[Zurich buys AIG Travel + merges with Cover-More (2024)]]}} {{read|[[Munich Re buys relayr (2018)]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|climate ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ coal & fossil rules ▸|{{read|[[Allianz coal phase-out thresholds (2025)]]}} {{read|[[Generali coal phase-out (2030/2040)]]}} {{read|[[Zurich “no new fossil” positioning]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ transition & resilience ▸|{{read|[[Zurich + Aon hydrogen insurance platform (2024)]]}} {{read|[[Generali expands oil/gas exclusions (2024)]]}} {{read|[[Swiss Re nat-cat loss benchmark (sigma 1/2024)]]}} }} |
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</div> |
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{{section separator}} |
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== Skill development books == |
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<div class="main-page-menu"> |
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{{Row header|communication & presence ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ conversations & feedback ▸|{{read|[[Crucial Conversations]]}} {{read|[[Difficult Conversations]]}} {{read|[[Thanks for the Feedback]]}} {{read|[[Radical Candor]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ storytelling & thinking ▸|{{read|[[The Pyramid Principle]]}} {{read|[[Made to Stick]]}} {{read|[[Storytelling with Data]]}} {{read|[[Talk Like TED]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ writing & clarity ▸|{{read|[[HBR Guide to Better Business Writing]]}} {{read|[[Smart Brevity]]}} {{read|[[On Writing Well]]}} {{read|[[The Elements of Style]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|influence & stakeholders ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ persuasion ▸|{{read|[[Influence]]}} {{read|[[Pre-Suasion]]}} {{read|[[Influence Without Authority]]}} {{read|[[The Art of Woo]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ negotiation ▸|{{read|[[Getting to Yes]]}} {{read|[[Never Split the Difference]]}} {{read|[[Bargaining for Advantage]]}} {{read|[[The Power of a Positive No]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ conflict & alignment ▸|{{read|[[Crucial Confrontations]]}} {{read|[[The Conflict Code]]}} {{read|[[The Anatomy of Peace]]}} {{read|[[The Catalyst]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|leadership & people ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ coaching & dev ▸|{{read|[[The Coaching Habit]]}} {{read|[[Multipliers]]}} {{read|[[The Making of a Manager]]}} {{read|[[Turn the Ship Around!]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ teams ▸|{{read|[[The Five Dysfunctions of a Team]]}} {{read|[[Team of Teams]]}} {{read|[[Drive]]}} {{read|[[The Culture Code]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ change & execution ▸|{{read|[[Leading Change]]}} {{read|[[Switch]]}} {{read|[[The First 90 Days]]}} {{read|[[Accelerate]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|collaboration & culture ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ cross-cultural ▸|{{read|[[The Culture Map]]}} {{read|[[Leading with Cultural Intelligence]]}} {{read|[[When Cultures Collide]]}} {{read|[[Riding the Waves of Culture]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ inclusion & safety ▸|{{read|[[The Fearless Organization]]}} {{read|[[The Person You Mean to Be]]}} {{read|[[Blindspot]]}} {{read|[[Inclusify]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ remote & hybrid ▸|{{read|[[Remote]]}} {{read|[[The Long-Distance Leader]]}} {{read|[[Digital Body Language]]}} {{read|[[Suddenly Virtual]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|effectiveness & resilience ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ time & focus ▸|{{read|[[Getting Things Done]]}} {{read|[[Deep Work]]}} {{read|[[Essentialism]]}} {{read|[[Atomic Habits]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ decision making ▸|{{read|[[Thinking, Fast and Slow]]}} {{read|[[Decisive]]}} {{read|[[Superforecasting]]}} {{read|[[The Scout Mindset]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ resilience & stress ▸|{{read|[[Mindset]]}} {{read|[[The Upside of Stress]]}} {{read|[[Resilient]]}} {{read|[[Search Inside Yourself]]}} }} |
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{{Row header|customer & trust ▸}} {{Inline expand |❘ empathy & service ▸|{{read|[[The Effortless Experience]]}} {{read|[[Outside In]]}} {{read|[[Hug Your Haters]]}} {{read|[[Unreasonable Hospitality]]}} }} {{Inline expand |❘ trust & relationships ▸|{{read|[[The Speed of Trust]]}} {{read|[[The Trusted Advisor]]}} {{read|[[Give and Take]]}} {{read|[[Dare to Lead]]}} }} |
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</div> |
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--> |
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'''Did you know?''' |
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__NOCACHE__ |
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{{#switch: {{#expr: {{CURRENTTIMESTAMP}} mod 100}} |
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| 0 = {{:Definition:Bordereaux}} |
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| 1 = {{:Definition:Burning cost}} |
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| 2 = {{:Definition:Commutation (reinsurance)}} |
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| 3 = {{:Definition:Finite reinsurance}} |
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| 4 = {{:Definition:Fronting}} |
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| 5 = {{:Definition:Follow-the-fortunes}} |
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| 6 = {{:Definition:Cut-through clause}} |
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| 7 = {{:Definition:Binding authority}} |
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| 8 = {{:Definition:Clash cover}} |
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| 9 = {{:Definition:Attachment point}} |
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| 10 = {{:Definition:Exhaustion point}} |
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| 11 = {{:Definition:Reinstatement premium}} |
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| 12 = {{:Definition:Sliding-scale commission}} |
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| 13 = {{:Definition:Profit commission}} |
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| 14 = {{:Definition:Loss portfolio transfer}} |
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| 15 = {{:Definition:Adverse development cover (ADC)}} |
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| 16 = {{:Definition:Aggregate excess-of-loss reinsurance}} |
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| 17 = {{:Definition:Catastrophe excess-of-loss reinsurance}} |
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| 18 = {{:Definition:Per-risk excess of loss reinsurance}} |
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| 19 = {{:Definition:Risks-attaching basis}} |
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| 20 = {{:Definition:Losses-occurring basis}} |
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| 21 = {{:Definition:Claims-made trigger}} |
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| 22 = {{:Definition:Signing down}} |
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| 23 = {{:Definition:Sunset clause}} |
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| 24 = {{:Definition:Utmost good faith}} |
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| 25 = {{:Definition:Contra proferentem}} |
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| 26 = {{:Definition:Incurred but not reported (IBNR)}} |
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| 27 = {{:Definition:Bornhuetter-Ferguson method}} |
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| 28 = {{:Definition:Chain-ladder method}} |
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| 29 = {{:Definition:Stochastic reserving}} |
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| 30 = {{:Definition:Loss development triangle}} |
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| 31 = {{:Definition:Credibility factor}} |
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| 32 = {{:Definition:Allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE)}} |
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| 33 = {{:Definition:Unallocated loss adjustment expense (ULAE)}} |
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| 34 = {{:Definition:Experience modification factor}} |
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| 35 = {{:Definition:Industry loss warranty (ILW)}} |
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| 36 = {{:Definition:Sidecar (reinsurance)}} |
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| 37 = {{:Definition:Collateralized reinsurance}} |
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| 38 = {{:Definition:Catastrophe bond (CAT bond)}} |
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| 39 = {{:Definition:Retrocession}} |
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| 40 = {{:Definition:Surplus share reinsurance}} |
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| 41 = {{:Definition:Surplus strain}} |
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| 42 = {{:Definition:Surplus relief}} |
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| 43 = {{:Definition:Funds withheld reinsurance}} |
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| 44 = {{:Definition:Modified coinsurance}} |
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| 45 = {{:Definition:Coinsurance penalty}} |
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| 46 = {{:Definition:Anti-concurrent causation clause}} |
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| 47 = {{:Definition:Continuous trigger}} |
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| 48 = {{:Definition:Efficient proximate cause}} |
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| 49 = {{:Definition:Horizontal exhaustion}} |
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| 50 = {{:Definition:Vertical exhaustion}} |
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| 51 = {{:Definition:Sue and labor clause}} |
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| 52 = {{:Definition:Honorable engagement clause}} |
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| 53 = {{:Definition:Hours clause}} |
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| 54 = {{:Definition:Batch clause}} |
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| 55 = {{:Definition:Aggregation clause}} |
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| 56 = {{:Definition:Omnibus clause}} |
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| 57 = {{:Definition:Running down clause}} |
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| 58 = {{:Definition:Warehouse-to-warehouse clause}} |
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| 59 = {{:Definition:General average}} |
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| 60 = {{:Definition:Particular average}} |
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| 61 = {{:Definition:Constructive total loss}} |
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| 62 = {{:Definition:York-Antwerp Rules}} |
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| 63 = {{:Definition:Protection and indemnity (P&I)}} |
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| 64 = {{:Definition:Demand surge}} |
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| 65 = {{:Definition:Social inflation}} |
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| 66 = {{:Definition:Nuclear verdict}} |
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| 67 = {{:Definition:Silent cyber}} |
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| 68 = {{:Definition:Affirmative cyber coverage}} |
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| 69 = {{:Definition:Parametric insurance}} |
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| 70 = {{:Definition:Embedded insurance}} |
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| 71 = {{:Definition:Takaful}} |
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| 72 = {{:Definition:Bancassurance}} |
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| 73 = {{:Definition:Microinsurance}} |
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| 74 = {{:Definition:Captive insurance company}} |
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| 75 = {{:Definition:Cell captive}} |
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| 76 = {{:Definition:Protected cell company (PCC)}} |
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| 77 = {{:Definition:Reciprocal insurance exchange}} |
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| 78 = {{:Definition:Risk retention group (RRG)}} |
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| 79 = {{:Definition:Lloyd's syndicate}} |
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| 80 = {{:Definition:Reinsurance to close (RITC)}} |
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| 81 = {{:Definition:Equitas}} |
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| 82 = {{:Definition:Funds at Lloyd's (FAL)}} |
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| 83 = {{:Definition:Syndicate-in-a-box (SIAB)}} |
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| 84 = {{:Definition:Part VII transfer}} |
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| 85 = {{:Definition:Solvent scheme of arrangement}} |
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| 86 = {{:Definition:Run-off (insurance)}} |
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| 87 = {{:Definition:Demutualization}} |
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| 88 = {{:Definition:Depopulation program}} |
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| 89 = {{:Definition:Probable maximum loss (PML)}} |
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| 90 = {{:Definition:Exceedance probability curve (EP curve)}} |
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| 91 = {{:Definition:Realistic disaster scenario (RDS)}} |
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| 92 = {{:Definition:Monte Carlo simulation}} |
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| 93 = {{:Definition:Copula}} |
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| 94 = {{:Definition:Bühlmann model}} |
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| 95 = {{:Definition:Cape Cod method}} |
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| 96 = {{:Definition:Extra-contractual obligation (ECO)}} |
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| 97 = {{:Definition:Loss in excess of policy limits (XPL)}} |
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| 98 = {{:Definition:Doctrine of reasonable expectations}} |
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| 99 = {{:Definition:Longevity swap}} |
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}} |
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Latest revision as of 22:46, 12 March 2026
Did you know?
📌 Claims-made trigger is the coverage activation mechanism under which an insurance policy responds only to claims first reported to the insurer during the policy period, regardless of when the underlying wrongful act or event actually occurred. This stands in contrast to the occurrence trigger, where coverage attaches based on when the loss event took place. Claims-made policies dominate professional liability, directors and officers, errors and omissions, and cyber insurance markets, where long-tail exposures and latent injuries make occurrence-based pricing impractical.
🔄 Under a claims-made structure, two dates govern whether a claim triggers coverage: the retroactive date and the policy's expiration date. The retroactive date sets a floor — acts occurring before it are excluded — while the claim itself must be reported before the policy expires. Many policies include a reporting endorsement or extended reporting period (sometimes called a "tail") that allows the insured to report claims for a defined window after the policy ends, protecting against the gap that would otherwise arise when switching carriers. Insurers benefit because the claims-made approach gives them greater certainty over the timing and volume of reported losses, simplifying reserving and reducing the volatility associated with IBNR estimates.
⚠️ For policyholders and brokers, understanding the claims-made trigger is essential to avoiding unintended coverage gaps. A failure to maintain continuous, uninterrupted claims-made coverage — or to secure an adequate tail when a policy is canceled or non-renewed — can leave an insured exposed for acts that occurred during a prior policy period but are reported later. From the insurer's perspective, the claims-made trigger allows tighter control of underwriting exposure and enables more responsive repricing as risk conditions change, which is why it has become the default structure for most liability classes involving long emergence periods.
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